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Abstract Global change has profoundly altered the eco-evolutionary trajectories of plant species. Longitudinal studies often document phenotypic shifts in response to climate change, such as earlier flowering in the spring, but it remains challenging to disentangle the contributions of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution to shifted phenotypic distributions. The resurrection approach has emerged as a powerful method to study genetic and plastic responses to novel selection imposed by global change by contrasting ancestral and descendant lineages from the same population under common conditions. Here, we compiled a database of 52 resurrection studies to examine key hypotheses about plant evolutionary responses to global change using a meta-analysis (40 of the studies) and quantitative review (all 52 studies). We found evidence for rapid, contemporary evolution, which often appeared adaptive, in over half of the cases, including some of the fastest cases of evolution in natural populations ever observed. Annual plants evolved earlier reproduction, and leaf economic traits associated with stress escape strategies. We also found evolution of increased plasticity for annual plants in phenology and physiology traits, and a reduction of plasticity in traits related to the leaf economic spectrum. We found less evidence for evolution in perennial species. Overall, our findings demonstrate the key role of drought escape in plant responses to a warming world. However, the lack of evolution in other traits and species indicates that constraints may dampen evolutionary responses in some scenarios. Our review also suggests promising avenues of future research for resurrection studies. 

Abstract Populations declining due to climate change may need to evolve to persist. While evolutionary rescue has been demonstrated in theory and the lab, its relevance to natural populations facing climate change remains unknown. Here we link rapid evolution and population dynamics in scarlet monkeyflower,Mimulus cardinalis, during an exceptional drought. We leverage whole-genome sequencing across 55 populations to identify climate-associated loci. Simultaneously we track demography and allele frequency change throughout the drought. We establish range-wide population decline during the drought, geographically variable rapid evolution, and variable population recovery that is predictable by both standing genetic variation and rapid evolution at climate-associated loci. These findings demonstrate evolutionary rescue in the wild, showing that genomic variability at adaptive, but not neutral loci, predicts population recovery. 

Divergent selection across the landscape can favor the evolution of local adaptation in populations experiencing contrasting conditions. Local adaptation is widely observed in a diversity of taxa, yet we have a surprisingly limited understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to it. For instance, few have experimentally confirmed the biotic and abiotic variables that promote local adaptation, and fewer yet have identified the phenotypic targets of selection that mediate local adaptation. Here, we highlight critical gaps in our understanding of the process of local adaptation and discuss insights emerging from in-depth investigations of the agents of selection that drive local adaptation, the phenotypes they target, and the genetic basis of these phenotypes. We review historical and contemporary methods for assessing local adaptation, explore whether local adaptation manifests differently across life history, and evaluate constraints on local adaptation. 

ABSTRACT Predicting the effects of climate change on plant and animal populations is an urgent challenge for understanding the fate of biodiversity under global change. At the surface, quantifying how climate drives the vital rates that underlie population dynamics appears simple, yet many decisions are required to connect climate to demographic data. Competing approaches have emerged in the literature with little consensus around best practices. Here we provide a practical guide for how to best link vital rates to climate for the purposes of inference and projection of population dynamics. We first describe the sources of demographic and climate data underlying population models. We then focus on best practices to model the relationships between vital rates and climate, highlighting what we can learn from mechanistic and phenomenological models. Finally, we discuss the challenges of prediction and forecasting in the face of uncertainty about climate‐demographic relationships as well as future climate. We conclude by suggesting ways forward to build this field of research into one that makes robust forecasts of population persistence, with opportunities for synthesis across species. 

Abstract The impacts of climate change have re‐energized interest in understanding the role of climate in setting species geographic range edges. Despite the strong focus on species' distributions in ecology and evolution, defining a species range edge is theoretically and empirically difficult. The challenge of determining a range edge and its relationship to climate is in part driven by the nested nature of geography and the multidimensionality of climate, which together generate complex patterns of both climate and biotic distributions across landscapes. Because range‐limiting processes occur in both geographic and climate space, the relationship between these two spaces plays a critical role in setting range limits. With both conceptual and empirical support, we argue that three factors—climate heterogeneity, collinearity among climate variables, and spatial scale—interact to shape the spatial structure of range edges along climate gradients, and we discuss several ways that these factors influence the stability of species range edges with a changing climate. We demonstrate that geographic and climate edges are often not concordant across species ranges. Furthermore, high climate heterogeneity and low climate collinearity across landscapes increase the spectrum of possible relationships between geographic and climatic space, suggesting that geographic range edges and climatic niche limits correspond less frequently than we may expect. More empirical explorations of how the complexity of real landscapes shapes the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine species range edges will advance the development of range limit theory and its applications to biodiversity conservation in the context of changing climate.